Jenis Teks Bahasa Inggris

               

Types of  Text

1.    Procedure Text

Definition of Procedure

Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal                        : showing the purpose

2. Material                  : Telling the needed materials

3. Methods or Steps   : Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

Language Feature of Procedure

Using temporal conjunction.

Using action verb.

Using imperative sentence.

Using Simple Present Tense.

 PROCEDURE TEXT -  "FRIED RICE"

(Goal)

Nasi goreng, "fried rice" is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare nasi goreng this is the procedure how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation : 

(Material)

Ingredients :

350 gr. Long Grain Rice

2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil

3 Eggs

1 Onion

2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.  

1 Garlic Clove

1 Leek

1 teaspoon Ground Coriander

1 teaspoon Ground Cumin

250 gr. Chicken meat

250 gr. Shelled Prawns

3 Tbs. Kecap Manis

(Methods or Steps)

Steps :

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy. 

2. News Item Text

Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item
1. News worthy event                        : tells the event in a summary form
2. Background event/elaboration     : elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident
3. Sources                                           : comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved   in the event.

Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process

3. Using action verbs
4. Using saying verbs

Example  News Item text

Pamekasan student wins math contest in Romania

(News worthy event)

Alyssa Diva Mustika, a student from Pamekasan Junior High School, East Java, won the gold medal at the International Mathematics Contest held in Romania between March 22 to 29, Antara news agency reported.

(Elaboration)

Speaking to journalists, Diva said she was glad that she had been able to win the competition, which she said had been very tight. “Thank God I won. I will study harder,” she said.

(Elaboration)

Indonesia sent 10 students to the competition in Romania. Diva is not the first Pamekasan student to win an international science competition. Oktavian Latief, a student from SMA Negeri 1 Pamekasan won gold at the International Physics Olympiad in 2006. Another student, Shohibul Maromi, won the same award in 2010.

(Sources)

“I thank Diva for giving a good name to Indonesia and Pamekasan on the international stage,” Pamekasan Regent Kholilurrahman said as quoted by Antara.

3. Report Text

Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure of Report

1. General classification        : Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public

                                                  place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description                         : Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per

                                                  part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection: when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

Example Report Text

General classification

For many years, many people believed that the cleverest animals after man were the chimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than these big apes.

General classification

Although a dolphin lives in the sea it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It is in many ways, therefore, like a human being.

Description 1                         

Dolphins have a simple language. They are able to talk to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But this will not be easy because dolphins cannot hear the kind of sounds man can make. If man wants to talk to dolphins, therefore, he will have to make a third language which both he and the dolphins can understand.

Description 2

Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow ships. There are many stories about dolphins guiding ships through difficult and dangerous water.

4. Discussion Text

Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue                  : stating the issue which is to discussed

List of supporting points      : presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point        : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Conclusion                             : stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb                : feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities                     : must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner      : deliberately, hopefully, etc

Example

The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

(Statement of issue)

Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate of whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. Some others, however, disagree because of its risks to the environment.

(List of supporting points 1)

Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing energy needs. In their opinion, the other sources of energy: oil, coal, and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe, while nuclear energy can be sustainable when produced in a safe way.

(List of contrastive point 2)

However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear energy point out that the waste of nuclear products can completely destroy the environment and human lives. A meltdown in a reactor, for example, usually results in the contamination of the surrounding soil and water. Take for example, the blow up of the nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in Russia twenty years ago. The serious contamination imperiled people and the environment severely.

(Conclusion)

It is obvious that nuclear energy should be avoided because it really endangers the environment but what about a less polluted energy instead of nuclear energy? Is there any alternative energy to overcome the crisis of energy?

5. Descriptive Text

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:

Identification             : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description                 : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense.

Example :

The Amazing Taj Mahal In India

Identification
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.

Description
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

6. Recount Text

Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation             : Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events                     : Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation         : It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant      : I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection       : then, first, etc
• Using linking verb                            : was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb                             : look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense

Example :

My Holiday in Bali

Orientation    
When I was 2^nd grade of senior high school, my friends and I went to Bali. We were there for three days. I had many impressive experiences during the vacation.

Events 1

First day, we visited Sanur Beach in the morning. We saw the beautiful sunrise together. It was a great scenery. Then, we checked in to the hotel. After prepared our selves, we went to Tanah Lot. We met so many other tourists there. They were not only domestic but also foreign tourists.

Events 2

Second day, we enjoyed the day on Tanjung Benoa beach. We played so many water sports such as banana boat, jetsky, speedboat etc. We also went to Penyu island to see many unique animals. They were turtles, snakes, and sea birds. We were very happy. In the afternoon, we went to Kuta Beach to see the amazing sunset and enjoyed the beautiful wave.

Events 3

The last day, we spent our time in Sangeh. We could enjoy the green and shady forest. There were so many monkies. They were so tame but sometimes they could be naughty. We could make a close interaction with them. After that, we went to Sukowati market for shopping. That was my lovely time. I bought some Bali T-Shirt and souvenirs.

Reorientation

In the evening, we had to check out from the hotel. We went back home bringing so many amazing memories of Bali.

7. Review
            Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation             ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation              ( concluding statement: judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one)
3. Interpretative Recount     ( summary of an art works including characters and plot)
4. Evaluative Summation      ( the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized)

Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

EXAMPLE

Sucker Punch

Orientation:
The film was released in March 2011 and then, told me about an escape attempt of a young girl (Baby Doll) from the center of the mental and psychological rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Lennox.

Evaluation:
Sucker Punch is a different film. In some cases this works ... You feel a new level of intensity and excitement when you get to the end. I was really touched by his story. Other times it just has a feel, a little gloomy sad. Running speed of the other films have been slowed down to run here, and that part seemed long indeed, as if we are experiencing problems in this film.

Interpretative Recount :
After the sudden death of his mother, Baby Doll (Emily Browning) and her younger sister was almost killed by their stepfather evil and greedy in his attempt to claim their inheritance for himself.

Baby Doll took her stepfather's gun and tried to kill - but accidentally kills his brother instead. This is a perfect excuse for his stepfather to claim that Baby Doll was crazy for what he has done and send it to Lennox Rehabilitation.

In Rehabilitation center turns out he learned that his stepfather worked with local doctors to brainwash Baby Doll in order not remember who he was. From here he plans to escape from prison.

In each attempt with his friends to find a way to figure it out. He imagines beyond the expectations he has in mind. (Imaginary high-level, red)

Evaluative summation:
After the movie finished, the audience will need time to process what is actually happening, digest of various scenes and storylines that will capture more than forecast.

We will be told to guess, and the audience will be prosecuted to the brain drain a bit to describe the sequence of scenes scenes that are designed so that the audience think.

If I can say, somewhat similar to the story of the film Shutter Island and Inception, but the plot is lighter than the second film is Leonardo D'Caprio

Of the whole, the acting is quite good, especially the baby doll action, look no expression when eliminating opponents-lawanya imagination, and elections have soundtracknya also ok ok.

Graph animation is also good, especially the director of the film Sucker Punch never menangai film 300 and Watchmen,, to imagine how this film cinematography> a lot of computer effects .

8. Narrative Text

Definition of Narrative

Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Narrative

A narrative text will consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation             : Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

2. Complication         : Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

3. Resolution              : Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse

Language Features of Narrative

 Using processes verbs

 Using temporal conjunction

 Using Simple Past Tense

Example

The Legend of Rawa Pening

 Orientation   

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Complication

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Resolution

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

9. Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation

General statement                   : stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation           : stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Conclusion                              : Summary of the text

Language Feature of Explanation

Featuring generic participant              : sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection          : to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense

Example

A brief Summary of Speech Production

General Statement to Position the Reader

Speech production is made possible by the specialised movements of our vocal organs that generate speech sounds waves.

Explanation 1

Like all sound production, speech production reguires a source of energy. The source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cords cause the

air stream to vibrate.

Explanation 2

As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air stream into a series of puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is still not speech.

Conclusion

To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech we continually alter the shape of the vocal track by moving the tongue and lips,etc. These movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract, which in turn produce the different sounds of speech.

10. Hortatory Exposition Text

Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis                     : stating an issue of concern
2. Arguments             : giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation
3. Recommendation  : stating what ought or ought not to happen

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun                        : policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb            : certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective : firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words      : important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

Example :

A Campaign of the Importance of Reading

Thesis:

Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of reading.

Argument 1

Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.

Argument 2

Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.

Argument 3

A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.

Recommendation

Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.

11. Analytical Exposition Text

Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis                                 : Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments                         : Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration/Conclusion     : Restating the writer’s position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

Using relational process

Using internal conjunction

Using causal conjunction

Using Simple Present Tense

Example:

Corruption and Indonesian Culture

Thesis:

Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for three reasons

Argument 1:

Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in many places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported corruptions are done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country. Corruptions happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get some documents in public service offices, we usually need much money to pay. Manipulations happen everywhere

Argument 2:

The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to an end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit corruption. This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges, public prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of 2004, Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah Agung which becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have to try to come to the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery and other kinds of corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture. Do you like it?

Argument 3:

The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in which people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules because they are not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride motorcycle, they do not have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are caught by the local policemen. To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The officer let them go then. In other words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing corruption together. If only the people were critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country will not be number one corrupting country in the world.

Reiteration/ conclusion:

Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture in Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe penalty for the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country?

12. Spoof

            Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation             : Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events                     : Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Twist                       : ending to the story (the ending is considered funny, sometimes unexpected)

Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

Example :

A Bumpy Flight

Orientation:

"This is your captain speaking. We have had a failure in one of our engines. There is no cause for alarm as we still have three engines left. Unfortunately this means that we will be one hour late."

Event 1:

A short time later the captain again spoke to the passengers:"There is no cause for alarm, but we have just lost another engine. We will no be two hours late."

Event 2:

When the captain spoke to the passengers for the third time, he again had bad news. "Ladies and gentlemen, I assure you that we are in no danger, but I must inform you that we have had another engine failure. This means that we will now be three hours late.

Event 3:

Finally, the captain announced that the fourth engines had failed.

Twist:

One of the passengers turned to another passenger and said,"Oh no. That means we'll be four hours late.

13. Anecdote Text

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract     : Be a sign of what is told in the form of unusual events, unusual, weird, or

                          a summary of what the text will be told or described are optional.
2. Orientation : Introduction or opening of the introduction of characters, time and place
3. Crisis          : appearance of the problem
4. Reaction     : actions or steps taken to respond to the problem.
5. Coda           : changes in the figures and the lessons learned from the story, is optional.

Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words               : it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative                             : listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question                   : do you know what?
4. Using action verb                            : go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time              : then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense

Example:

Snake in the Bath
Abstrack :

How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!

Orientation :

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empety for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath room first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.

Crisis :

Suddenly to my horrnoor, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, sppiting and hissing at us.

Incident :

For an instant I sood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily cam running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!

Coda :

We found out later that it was a black mamba, apoisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.